Lesson 2
A Door Into Hindi
Lesson 2 Script
Copyright
2002 US Dept. of Education
Right click to download an
mp3 file of the audio track from the Lesson 2 Movie
(Scroll over with mouse to see tips.)
यह दिल्ली हाट है।
यह लड़की क्या ख़रीदना चाहती है?
यह लड़की हार ख़रीदना चाहती है।
दुकानदार: क्या आप हार ख़रीदना चाहती हैं?
रूही: जी हाँ, मैं हार ख़रीदना चाहती हूँ।
यह अच्छा नहीं है। वह कैसा है?
दुकानदार: यह हार सस्ता भी है और अच्छा भी
है।
रूही: आप क्या चाहते हैं?
डस्टिन: मैं क़ुतुब मीनार जाना चाहता हूँ।
डस्टिन: मैं क़ुतुब मीनार जाना चाहता
हूँ।
क्या क़ुतुब मीनार यहाँ से बहुत
दूर है?
रूही: क़ुतुब मीनर यहाँ से बहुत दूर नहीं
है।
डस्टिन: अच्छा, तो, क़ुतुब मीनर यहाँ से कितनी दूर है?
रूही: क़ुतुब मीनार यहाँ से
केवल दो मील दूर है।
डस्टिन: अच्छा, आप कहाँ जा रही हैं?
रूही: जी, मैं भी क़ुतुब मीनार
ही जा रही हूँ।
दूसरा दृश्य: लोदी गार्डन
डस्टिन: आप क्या करती हैं।
रूही: मैं स्कूल जाती हूँ
रूही:मैं हाई स्कूल में हूँ।
डस्टिन: मैं अमरीका से हूँ।
रूही: अमरीका में आप क्या करते हैं?
डस्टिन: मैं भी स्कूल जाता हूँ।
मैं वहाँ बी. ए. कर रहा हूँ।
रूही: आप दिल्ली
में कितने दिन से हैं?
डस्टिन: मैं यहाँ चार दिन से हूँ।
डस्टिन: मैं दिल्ली देखना चाहता हूँ।
रूही: अब क़ुतुब मीनार दूर नहीं है।
रूही: लोदी गार्डन कितना अच्छा है।
डस्टिन: क़ुतुब मीनार यहाँ से कितनी दूर
है?
गाना: अच्छा तो हम चलते हैं—
तीसरा दृश्य:
इंडिया
गेट
लड़का: यह बन्दर
नाचना चाहता है।
एक लड़का और एक लड़की आ रहे हैं।
डस्टिन: यह बन्दर क्या कर रहा है?
लड़का: बन्दर बहुत प्यार करता है।
गुलशन: रूही!!!!! तुम यहाँ क्या कर रही हो?
रूही: मैं ठीक हूँ। तुम कैसी हो?
गुलशन: मैं भी ठीक हूँ। और यह
कौन है?
रूही: ये डस्टिन हैं। ये अमरीका से हैं। ये
दिल्ली देखना चाहते हैं।
गुलशन: ओ — नमस्ते, मैं गुलशन हूँ और मैं रूही
की दोस्त हूँ।
रूही: हम क़ुतुब मीनार जा रहे हैं।
चौथा दृश्य: क़ुतुब मीनार
मैं खाना चाहता हूँ। क्या यहाँ खाना है?
डस्टिन: मैं पूरी खाना चाहता हूँ।
रूही: बहुत अच्छा, मेरा घर यहाँ से दूर नहीं है।
मेरी माता जी बहुत अच्छी पूरी बनाती हैं।
पाँचवाँ दृश्य: रूही का घर
गाना:
यह लड़की है
दीवानी, है दीवानी—
रूही: मेरी माता जी वहाँ पूरी बना रही हैं।
डस्टिन: जी हाँ, जी हाँ, क्यों नहीं ?
माता जी: यह आटा है।
डस्टिन: और यह क्या क्या है?
माता जी: यह चकला है।
यह बेलन है।
माता जी: यह फ़िल्म
ऐक्ट्रस है।
यह तेल है।
माता जी: क्या आप पूरी खाना चाहते हैं?
डस्टिन: जी हाँ। मैं पूरी खाना चाहता
हूँ।
क्या आप पूरी रोज़ बनाती हैं?
माता जी: नहीं, नहीं। मैं पूरी रोज़ नहीं बनाती
हूँ।
मैं कभी
कभी बनाती हूँ।
क्या आप पूरी रोज़ खाना चाहते हैं?
माता जी: अरे! खाना कहाँ है?
A Door Into
Hindi
Lesson 2 Vocabulary
Characters’ names:
रूही
डस्टिन
गुलशन
|
दिल्ली |
Delhi (Dilli): the capital of India |
|
हाट |
village market
|
|
दिल्ली हाट |
(proper name) a handicrafts market in Dehli |
|
ख़रीदना |
to buy |
|
हार |
necklace (m) |
|
चाहना |
to want |
|
कौन |
who |
|
जाना |
to go |
|
क़ुतुब मीनार |
Qutub Minar (a 13th Century monument in South Dehli) |
|
से |
from (postposition) |
|
यहाँ से |
from here |
|
बहुत |
very |
|
दूर |
far (f) |
|
कितना |
how much |
|
कितनी दूर |
how far |
|
कितना अच्छा |
how nice |
|
केवल |
only |
|
मील |
mile / miles |
|
ही |
emphatic |
|
लोदी गार्डन |
Lodi Garden (a park in Delhi) |
|
मेहँदी |
henna (f) |
|
करना |
to do |
|
लगाना |
to put, to apply |
|
हाई स्कूल |
High School |
|
अमरीका |
America |
|
में |
in (postposition) |
|
बी. ए. करना |
to do B.A. (undergraduate) |
|
दिन |
day / days |
|
चार दिन से |
for four days |
|
देखना |
to see |
|
अब |
now |
|
तो |
then |
|
चलना |
to move/to go/to leave |
|
नाचना |
to dance |
|
आना |
to come |
|
प्यार करना |
to love |
|
दोस्त |
friend (m or f) |
|
खाना |
[verb] to eat; [noun m.] food |
|
खाना खाना |
to eat food |
|
पूरी |
puri = a flat bread deep fried in oil until it puffs up |
|
घर |
house/home (m) |
|
माता |
mother |
|
बनाना |
to make |
|
दीवाना |
crazy (m) |
|
दीवानी |
crazy (f) |
|
क्यों |
why |
|
क्यों नहीं |
why not |
|
आटा |
flour (m) |
|
क्या क्या |
what all |
|
चकला |
rolling board (m) |
|
बेलन |
rolling pin (m) |
|
फ़िल्म ऐक्ट्रस |
film actress |
|
तेल |
oil (m) |
|
रोज़ |
daily |
|
कभी कभी |
sometimes |
|
अरे |
Hey! |
|
भारत |
India |
Grammar Topics |
|
| » 2.1 Personal Pronouns | » 2.5 Present Progressive Tense |
| » 2.2 The verb होना and auxiliary verbs | » 2.6 “To Want To V” |
| » 2.3 Verb infinitive and verb root | » 2.7 Postpositions (preview) |
| » 2.4 Present Imperfect Tense | » 2.8 “To a place” |
2.1 Personal Pronouns
Hindi has the following personal pronouns.
|
Singular |
Plural |
|
|
First person |
मैं (I) |
हम |
|
Second person* |
तू (you-very familiar) |
तुम (you-familiar) |
|
— |
आप |
|
|
Third person far |
वह |
वे (they/those) |
|
Third person near |
यह |
ये (they/these) |
*Some notes about “You”:
a. Note that Hindi has
three ways of saying “you.”
b. Avoid using the Second person Singular form
तू should only be used with people
who are very close to you. It may also be used to address God.
c. In English, “you” is always grammatically plural, whether you
are talking to one person, or to several people. The same is true in Hindi for both the familiar form
तुम and the polite form आप : they are both always grammatically
plural, and you can use them when addressing one person as well as a group of people.
d. You should generally use आप with strangers or people you want to show
respect for, and तुम with
friends or peers.
 |
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 1.1 page 21 |
2.2 The verb होना and auxiliary verbs
The simple present tense conjugation of the verb होना is given below. The conjugated forms of
होना are used just like the verb
“to be” is used in English.
These forms of the verb
होना also function as the auxiliary verbs in many other verb tense
constructions, including the present imperfect and present progressive conjugations as described in 2.4 and
2.5 below. Memorize this chart as soon as you can.
|
Singular |
Plural |
|
|
First person |
मैं |
हम हैं (we are) |
|
Second person (familiar) |
तू |
तुम हो (you |
|
Second Person (polite) |
|
आप हैं (you |
|
Third person (far) |
वह है (he/she/it/that |
वे हैं (they/those |
|
Third person (near) |
यह है (he/she/it/this |
ये हैं(they/these are) |
|
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 1.1 page 21 |
2.3 Verb infinitive and verb root
Infinitive = Root + ना
The infinitive form of the Verb is composed of the verb root
plus the suffix ना
Thus to obtain the verb root, all we do is remove the
ना ending, just as in English, to
obtain the verb root from the infinitive, all we do is remove the “to”. The root verb is used to form the
conjugation of the verb, while the infinitive form is “frozen” and cannot change.
Here are some of the verbs you know, in their infinitive forms,
and with their roots.
|
Verb infinitive |
Verb Root |
|
जाना (to |
जा |
|
आना (to |
आ |
|
खाना (to |
खा |
|
चाहना |
चाह |
|
ख़रीदना |
ख़रीद |
|
बनाना |
बना |
|
देखना (to |
देख |
Note that if you know the infinitive of a Hindi verb, you can
always derive the verb root by removing the ना suffix.
The root of the verb is important because it is used in the
conjugation of the verb for all of the various tenses.
|
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 5.1 page 62 |
2.4 Present Imperfect Tense
TThe present imperfect
tense is used for actions that are performed regularly or often, or for statements about an existing
condition. It is also sometimes called the present habitual tense.
Examples: I go to
school. They eat vegetables. She wants to buy a necklace.
|
Formula: |
root |
verb ता |
|
The verb ending must agree with the subject in number and
gender as follows:
-ता is for masculine
singular (m-s)
-ते is for masculine
plural (m-p)
-ती is for feminine
singular and plural (f-s/p)
– Once again, the root verb is the infinitive of the verb without
the ना ending.
– The auxiliary verb is the same as the simple conjugation of
the verb होना (“to be”) as
given in the chart in 2.2 above. The auxiliary verb agrees with the subject.
Some Examples: with the verb जाना (“to go”)
|
a. A male says: |
मैं |
जाता |
हूँ । |
| “I go.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine singular ending |
first person singular auxiliary verb |
|
b. A female says: |
मैं |
जाती |
हूँ । |
|
“I go.” |
subject (feminine) |
root verb + feminine ending |
first person singular auxiliary verb |
|
c. About a female someone says: |
वह |
जाती |
है । |
|
“She goes.” |
subject (feminine) |
root verb + feminine ending |
third person singular auxiliary verb |
|
d. A group says: |
हम |
जाते |
हैं । |
|
“We go.” |
subject (masculine plural) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
first person plural auxiliary verb |
|
e. You say to your friend(s) (familiar): |
तुम |
जाते |
हो । |
|
“You go.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
second person plural (familiar) auxiliary |
|
f. You say to your friend(s) (polite): |
आप |
जाते |
हैं । |
|
“You go.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
second person plural (polite) auxiliary |
Note: you can change any of the masculine examples above into feminine by using the feminine verb ending
ती instead of the masculine endings
ता or ते.
Here is the present imperfect conjugation chart for the verb
जाना “to go”:
|
Feminine |
Singular |
Plural |
||
|
First person |
I go |
मैं जाती हूँ |
we go |
हम जाती हैं |
|
Second person (familiar) |
you go |
तू जाती है |
you go |
तुम जाती हो |
|
Second Person (polite) |
— |
— |
you go |
आप जाती हैं |
|
Third person (near) |
he/that/it goes |
वह जाती है |
they/those go |
वे जाती हैं |
|
Third person (far) |
he/this/it goes |
यह जाती है |
they/these go |
ये जाती हैं |
|
Masculine |
||||
|
First person |
I go |
मैं जाता हूँ |
we go |
हम जाते हैं |
|
Second person (familiar) |
you go |
तू जाता है |
you go |
तुम जाते हो |
|
Second Person (polite) |
— |
— |
you go |
आप जाते हैं |
|
Third person (near) |
he/that/it goes |
वह जाता है |
they/those go |
वे जाते हैं |
|
Third person (far) |
he/this/it goes |
यह जाता है |
they/these go |
ये जाते हैं |
Remember:
a. You can use आप
and तुम for one person or many.
b. Please don’t use for anyone: it could be considered
derogatory or insulting. You should know it, however, in case someone uses it. Sometimes it can be used by
elder people to show particular love or closeness for their juniors.
|
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 6.1 page 25 |
2.5 Present Progressive Tense
View movie about Present progressive tense
The present progressive tense is used for actions that are
currently in progress. It is also sometimes called the present continual tense. Note how in English this
tense uses an auxiliary verb (“to be”) and the verb ending “-ing.”
Examples: I am going to school. They are eating
vegetables. She is buying a necklace.
|
Formula: |
root |
verb रहा / |
auxiliary verb |
The verb ending must agree with the subject in number and gender
as follows:
-रहा is for masculine
singular
-रहे is for masculine
plural
-रही is for feminine
singular and plural
You can think of these endings as analogous to the English
“-ing” ending.
Some Examples: with the verb जाना (“to
go”)
|
a. A guy says: |
मैं |
जा रहा |
हूँ । |
|
“I am going.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine singular ending |
first person singular auxiliary verb |
|
b. A girl says: |
मैं |
जा रही |
हूँ । |
|
“I am going.” |
subject (feminine) |
root verb + feminine ending |
first person singular auxiliary verb |
|
c. About a girl someone says: |
वह |
जा रही |
है । |
|
“She is going.” |
subject (feminine) |
root verb + feminine ending |
third person singular auxiliary verb |
|
d. A group says: |
हम |
जा रहे |
हैं । |
|
“We are going.” |
subject (masculine plural) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
first person plural auxiliary verb |
|
e. You say to your friend(s) (familiar): |
तुम |
जा रहे |
हो । |
|
“You are going.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
second person plural (familiar) auxiliary |
|
f. You say to your friend(s) (polite): |
आप |
जा रहे |
हैं । |
|
“You are going.” |
subject (masculine) |
root verb + masculine plural ending |
second person plural (polite) auxiliary |
Note: you can change any of the masculine examples above into
feminine by using the feminine verb ending रही instead of the masculine endings रहा
or रहे .
Here is the present progressive conjugation chart for the verb
जाना “to go”:
|
Feminine |
||||
|
First person |
I am going |
मैं जा रही हूँ |
we are going |
हम जा रही हैं |
|
Second person (familiar) |
you are going |
तू जा रही है |
you are going |
तुम जा रही हो |
|
Second Person (polite) |
=— |
— |
you are going |
आप जा रही हैं |
|
Third person (near) |
she/that/it is |
वह जा रही है |
they/those are |
वे जा रही हैं |
|
Third person (far) |
she/this/it is |
यह जा रही है |
they/these are |
ये जा रही हैं |
|
Masculine |
||||
|
First person |
I am going |
मैं जा रहा हूँ |
we are going |
हम जा रहे हैं |
|
Second person (familiar) |
you are going |
तू जा रहा है |
you are going |
तुम जा रहे हो |
|
Second Person (polite) |
— |
— |
you are going |
आप जा रहे हैं |
|
Third person (near) |
he/that/it is |
वह जा रहा है |
they/those are |
वे जा रहे हैं |
|
Third person (far) |
he/this/it is |
यह जा रहा है |
they/these are |
ये जा रहे हैं |
2.6 “To Want To V”
This is the formula for “to want to V” (where V is any
verb):
Verb (infinitive form) + चाहना (conjugated) + Auxiliary verb.
Remember that in Lesson 1 we learned that the verbal phrase
always comes at the end of the sentence, and that nothing should come after the conjugated verb. Thus the
infinitive verb in this construction must come before the
conjugated verb.
Example (with both present imperfect and present progressive
tenses):
|
Subject |
object/modifiers |
Verb |
चाहना (conjugated) |
Auxiliary |
|
I |
this |
to |
want |
[am]. |
|
मैं |
यह |
ख़रीदना |
चाहती |
हूँ। |
|
I |
this |
to |
wanting |
[am]. |
|
मैं |
यह |
ख़रीदना |
चाह |
हूँ। |
Additional examples:
|
What do you (f) want to buy? |
आप क्या ख़रीदना चाहती हैं? |
|
I want to go to the Qutub Minar. |
मैं क़ुतुब मीनार जाना चाहता हूँ। |
|
I want to eat. |
मैं खाना चाहता हूँ। |
|
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 10.3 page 127 |
2.7 Postpositions (preview)
This topic is covered thoroughly in Lesson 5, but for now, all
you need to know is that Hindi uses postpositions where English
uses prepositions. Prepositions are the little words that
describe position relationships with respect to places, objects, etc. Examples of English prepositions are:
“in”, “to”, “from”, “by”, “of.” In English, prepositions go before the nouns they refer to, but in Hindi, the postpositions go
after their nouns.
Compare the examples from Lessons 1 and 2, and note the
difference between the English and Hindi word order.
|
from America |
अमरीका से |
|
in the bazaar |
बाज़ार में |
|
from here |
यहाँ से |
|
price of potatoes |
आलू का दाम |
|
your name (=name of you) |
आप का नाम |
|
See Snell’s Teach Yourself Hindi (2000) Section 3.1 page 40 |
2.8 “To a place”
In sentences expressing going
“to a place” English usually uses the preposition “to.” In Hindi no postposition is necessary. Look at the
following examples:
|
I am going to the bazaar. |
मैं बाज़ार जा रहा हूँ। |
|
I want to go to Qutub Minar. |
मैं क़ुतुब मीनार जाना चाहता हूँ। |
But note the following where English also uses no
preposition:
|
I am going home. |
मैं घर जा रही हूँ। |
|
Where do you want to go? |
आप कहाँ जाना चाहते हैं? |